The paper presents a snapshot of EU activity to support HRDs and its limitations – a partial insight into implementation of key provisions of the guidelines since their adoption one-and-a-half years ago. It looks at implementation of the guidelines with respect to both the situation of HRDs (defined as the context in which they work and their right to defend human rights) and to individual cases, by EU institutions, by individual EU member states, and by EU missions at the country level. Case studies are presented for five countries: Guatemala, Russia, Zimbabwe, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The research was carried out between August and November 2005. Most information was obtained from EU government representatives, staff of EU institutions, and HRDs through face-to-face interviews and written questionnaires.